Psychology 166 phenomenon

 22 long tail long tail effect is simply to emphasize Many people's money. down to the very small to very small market, when, and then you will find these small markets will have significant cumulative effects of long tail. the book as an example: Barnes & Noble, the average shelf bibliography of 13 million. And more than half of Amazon's sales come from its ranking in the 130,000 books away. If the Amazon statistics-based, this means that those not in the general bookstore than those who put the sale of books on the shelves of books in a bookstore the formation of the market even more. That is, if we can get rid of the scarcity of resources constraints, the potential book market is at least twice as large. has served in the music industry the consultant of the venture capitalist Kevin Laws was summed up this phenomenon: priest speech. At first, he felt very good priest speaks, people moved, ready to contribute. After 10 minutes, the priest had finished, he was a bit impatient, and decided to just donate some change. It took another 10 minutes, the priest not yet finished, so he decided not to donate 1 cent. to the priest finally ended a lengthy speech, began to raise money when Mark. Twain as angry, not only did not donate money, but also stealing from the plate 2 yuan . This stimulated too much, too strong for too long and time caused by psychological or against the impatient very psychological phenomenon, known as the children do not have the heart did not test well, the parents will be once, twice, three, even four times, five times repeated on one thing for the same criticism, so that children from the anxiety of guilt to the last offensive hate impatient. is this to me? again, the critics, it should not simply repeat, to another angle, another way. In this way, the child will not feel the same mistakes being
24 demolition
effect in 1927, Lu Xun had a The room is too dark, open a skylight that here, we must be allowed, but if you advocate the roof removed, they will come to reconcile the willingness to open a window. smaller less demand in psychology to be called away from home, the class teacher was in a hurry, and after a few days back after the safety of students, teacher hand, not too much to investigate the mistake of students. In fact Here, the equivalent of running away from home error is equivalent to must not yield, in particular, be careful not to allow students to develop in these areas, the habit of bargaining with the class teacher. 25 gauge effects of a famous writer Mark Twain. Twain once pastor in a church listening to speech. At first, he felt pastor so well people moved and ready to contribute, and pulled out all their money. After ten minutes later, the priest had finished, he was a bit impatient, and decided to just donate some change. It took another ten minutes, the minister did not say After he decided not to donate a penny. to the pastor's speech finally ended a lengthy start the collection, the Mark. Twain as angry, not only did not donate money, on the contrary. also stole from two dollars plate. the story tell us too much stimulation, too strong or too long duration of action will cause a very impatient, or antagonistic psychological phenomenon, psychology, called should be to master a reaction.
26 refers to the success of efforts to effect
effect after the success and failure effects, is Gewei Scholz, the study found. His research is the difficulty of learning materials for the several sets of issues ranging from student have the freedom to choose to resolve. He found that students with a strong ability to solve a problem for a class after they were no longer willing to solve another similar problem, and pick the more complex and difficult issues, to explore new solutions , and feel more interest. This is the show the interest, not only from the success of the work is easy, but through their own efforts, overcome difficulties, to achieve a successful situation, would feel happy with the aspirations of the heart met. This is the success of the effort effect. On the other hand, less able students, if after considerable effort and still not succeed, fail too many times with experience, the often disappointed discouraged or even rejected learning. This is the effort a failure effect. Therefore, teachers should help students to target a strong ability to gradually increase, to help students with weak lower target appropriate to suit their ability and experience.
27 overlapping effects:
In memory of one after the event, memorizing things are similar, it is unfavorable for preservation. This is because the content of repeating the same thing, the same thing as the nature of mutual suppression, mutual interference and had forgotten the results. Kohler named this phenomenon overlap effect. If you want to put together learning, at least some material is familiar, and this may produce assimilation, the assimilation in the rusty material has been memorized material into
28 hedgehog rules
, but peace can not sleep. After a frustrating, two hedgehogs distance, despite the cold wind whistling outside, but can they sleep sweet Hu Hu.
psychological distance effect. intimacy to get along with each other, also easily lead to friendships, eat and drink regardless, and the loss of the principle at work.
29 bandwagon effect
a phrase called the trio into a tiger, meaning that there are three false Shangwang Tiger, the listener to believe it. This is easy in social groups to accept without analysis point of view shared by the majority of psychological tendencies or behavior is called bandwagon effect. The effect of revelation is: the class teacher to play a bandwagon effect to be good positive role, first of all through the classes will be conscious, bulletin boards and other high-profile public advocacy positions; Secondly, we must do a good job classes League cadres and activists, and other basic team building, formed a strong fortress, to discover the negative class tendency to prescribe the right medicine to curb in the bud to prevent the negative effects of herd effect. bandwagon effect refers to group activity, when the individual with the majority opinion and behavior is inconsistent with the individual to give their views and behavior, performance out of phase with the majority group consensus and the behavior of the phenomenon. conformity is stated in our daily saying considered are: the group of the students have more advantages; personality traits such as intelligence, low, timid, and concerns, will not firm, poor self-confidence, too much emphasis on others and dependent on others and so on; group size of the number of factors. Needless to say, conformity is conducive to the formation of a unified group opinion, a reasonable group environment can promote or imperceptibly to the team members behind the formation of correct thought and behavior. At the same time, it should be noted that the group environment in the irrational, the performance of the bandwagon effect tend to the same conclusion for the study, and study conclusions are not necessarily correct; some students learn easily and self-confidence or the views of outstanding members of the group, formed the same way of thinking, while ignoring their own to view, right or wrong way of thinking, team cooperation, the result may Most of the formation of the error is a false panel conclusions. can be seen, bandwagon effect is easy to suppress the formation of correct thinking and stifle the spirit of the original group members; cooperative learning sometimes weaken the tendency to think independently, and individual in the population tend to lose self-control on lost the sense of individuality, people centralized system, the lifting of group pressure group established to encourage all members to play free rules for their different views, once again, teachers must focus on students the habit of independent thinking, thinking for the students to create situations, pay attention to the diversity of answers, expand the space of thinking of students, improve their critical ability.
30
quenching effect of metal parts heated to a certain temperature, immersed in the coolant (oil, water, etc.), after the cooling treatment, the workpiece better performance, more stable. long praised the students mind some heat, may wish to set up a little obstacle, to impose the conflict has intensified, may wish to use named Victoria. Davidow that a business is always in the market dominance, it must always be the first to develop a new generation of products, the first phase of their products.
this A basis point is to focus on the law of market development and the interests of the segmentation results. people in the competition in the market all the time to seize the initiative, because only the first in the market can more easily get a larger share and high profits. Intel Corporation in the product development and promotion pursued Davidow's law is always and advocate the development of the microprocessor. their products are not necessarily the best and the fastest performance, but they must do is the latest. To this end, they even at out of their own are selling a good product on the market.
Davidow's law reveals the true meaning of success the following: continue to create new products out of old products in a timely manner, so as soon as new products enter the market, and to their own success the formation of new market products and product standards, thus the formation of large-scale production, to obtain high profits.
32 free-rider effect is in the interests of
within the group, a member of the interest groups for the efforts of within the group are likely to benefit all people, but the cost of personal commitment from this person, this is the free-rider effect. in cooperative study of all members of the group although there is an objective common interests, but from the social psychology perspective, but it is easier to form activities should not play the role of the co-operation did not complete the training techniques for the evaluation of cooperative learning, , if more emphasis on and impact of their personal efforts and rewards the asymmetry is relatively small, will and results. Therefore, in cooperative study suggested a small group of 4-6 people, not simply to some large class into several groups. Of course there are many things you can do, such as to create a pleasant and cooperative learning environment; to be a clear mandate and rational division of responsibilities; observed at any time to students at the process of monitoring activities, guiding skills of cooperation, control learning tasks, to urge students to complete the task; get rid of the distribution of rewards Actions of a role. then we show the role of each individual behavior, in turn, what the customs and prohibitions, history called in mixing these three concepts have been used consistently. historian called the experts analysis, which is due to the primitive society of the scientific and cultural level is very low, so it's fantasy or the so-called dirty taboo thing there is a mentality, that if the breach of taboo, we have to suffer disasters, and therefore must be far to evade them, Wei Jing them, formed by the custom of this belief is a certain code of conduct. This is director but it is not outdated.
social psychology of human behavior (explicit and inner potential) for one of the main contributions of the study, is that it illustrates how members of a society of social behavior to comply with the current for demands and needs of a certain class and moral standards of behavior, or how to comply with its members to promote the nation's cultural norms. society is to regulate the system. any society has a set of conventional norms, must abide by all its members. From This point of view, as long as we are not the . the narrow sense are those that go through certain procedures to make it visible to the provisions, such as the Constitution, the provisions of various laws and policies, discipline, all kinds of moral laws, codes, and so all kinds of conventions. broad refers to those unwritten things, They exist in the minds of people through media forms, and this is the customs and moral values. these things though not included in the relevant provisions, but it permeates every role players into the psychology and behavior. the clear regulations and code of conduct is not expressly provided for the sum, that is, every member of the community requested that the performance of all angles the role of actor behavior of the fish, In a nutshell, the most concentrated expression in the legal sense and moral values of these two aspects. But they're involved in all areas of life, content and form is quite extensive, and diverse. If you need to make specific category, then roughly divided into To:
(1) formal specification, formal document that expressly provided for by the specifications, such as regulations and codes and so on.
(2) informal norms, that is, the spontaneous formation of norms by the masses, such as the Friends met way of greeting, clothing style, etc., if violations of, will be in a range of groups subject to all the cold, psychological stress.
(3) belongs to specification, refers to the individual members to participate in group norms, such as you become a member of the Association, must comply with the constitution of the association and other specifications.
(4) refer to norms that individuals tend to model figures in mind as their reference code of conduct.
(5) areas norms, refers to a region unique to the norms of groups, such as the customs of ethnic minorities and language specifications, etc., we often say have shown that the concept of specification is a standardized, norm is the role of role players must follow the established thinking, evaluation and behavior standards. With this standard, the role of powder performers to understand what to do, what not to do, in the Under what circumstances should show such behavior, under what circumstances should not exhibit such behavior. In China's socialist system, the ideal of the proletarian revolution, moral, discipline, and determine our socialist spiritual civilization. best actor of all social roles, should be consciously directed according to their role in this specification acts required by the Party, , is a standardized concept, once it is formed, it naturally has a role in the standardization of cognitive, behavioral targeting role, the role of maintaining social integrity. so-called Social psychology tells us that the role of norms is not the role of Han actor for the role provided for certain conduct, but also in the functioning of social institutions in the formation of psychosocial criteria: First, the motivating force, and encouraged people to abide by the role specification, for example, social desirability, interpersonal intimacy, recognition of individuality certain requirements, and expand personal views of public opinion in the group's weight, etc., and second, to stop the power to stop those who violate the role of norms, such as to condemnation, interpersonal aspects of the cold and so on. the role of the role of the original specification, combined with social functioning in the social psychological effect, therefore, a role which no binding force members want to go ; pulling his own hair and wanted to leave the earth ; A fabric effect to adapt to the environment and the tools to transform the environment. The interaction between the individual and the individual, not a simple mutual stimulation and response, and must be a role specification for the media, a role specification for the director. the role of norms recognized, our common master, not the individual alone created. role behavior in the role specification component, so that the performance of all the role behavior, like a book left open the books of others, other people read this book in the process of , to understand the motivation of the person's character, personality and even the angle of XXXXX thread, and respond accordingly. In short, the role of the role of norms always acts in accordance with the implementation of the behavior of social significance. That is why, even though people in society vary widely, the role of different, but because of the role of social norms, indicating the need to meet people and make the appropriate way to conduct objective? enable individuals to know what to do and should not do, so can the social mechanisms to normal operation. Otherwise, not become a pot of loose sand of human society but also into its society? Therefore, the role of norms is, according to self-understanding, understanding of others, mixture the role of director, for his behavior, which is both the means to meet social demands, but also the process to meet their own needs. Duirenduishi human needs is the desire or physical requirements. human needs and instincts of animals need different conditions, the need for reflection It is not just simple possession, possession or enjoyment of one-sided, but to make sense of their place under the control of life activities. In the structure of human needs motivation, self-esteem and by others with respect need, like access to social praise, praised the needs of others. However, this need is what the community can provide scale to the same society and others to meet the needs of the premise. Everyone by the community under certain conditions, namely, the personal interaction with each other constraints. Therefore, the way should be allowed to use the community to meet their own needs. only continue to accept the specific social, historical background and the specific conditions specified by the value system of indoctrination, the rules of conduct and ethical guidelines in order to arouse people's emotional reactions and praise, to gain the satisfaction of needs. The fact repeatedly proved that the more consciously directed in accordance with social norms to their roles actors, the more they will be praised by society. It not only meet the needs of society, while also meeting the needs of the individual. If individuals do not recognize the objective laws, lack of role behavior by social norms and the consciousness of the director, in order to meet the desires and deviate from social norms do whatever they want, then it necessarily a matter of course to be punished by society.
a specific individual role to play special role must meet the specifications. It's like on the stage, each actor must first of all carry out the general requirements of the director, such as the typhoon is, ideological focus, follow the arrangements and so on; In addition, You play the female roles, or what specific martial roles or other roles, it should be according to the special requirements of this role to sing, do it. the close integration of these two aspects is the role behavior of the entity. our society social role to play on the big stage, but also the same reason. On the one hand, we have to abide by social norms and social role players on all the common requirements, on the other, but also the playing of a role of a particular specification. For example, You have to play at home, the young father from the role, then you should understand the social role of the parents of some special requirements, to show their children a good education for the community and so the role of good behavior. If you are a primary school teacher, then You shall comply in all respects the role of a teacher in his specification. and so forth, you can and should be based on the location of your character, to think, to act, to make their own role behavior is consistent with the role of the general requirements and implementation specifications special requirements. The combination of universality and particularity, generality and individuality of expression, social actor role on the stage this way, camp is not exactly neat, and colorful you?!
you want to show the role of good behavior, you have to raise the level of role play, please do not forget, the ;, is synonymous with the role of norms: work force training and increase the motivation, enthusiasm and even higher, but the effect is reduced, turn out to be the difference between the two, plus compensation (mainly incentives) but will offset the effect of the sense of reward.
 Desi experiment in 1971 years made a special experiment. he let students do is test solutions in the laboratory of interesting intellectual challenge. were divided into three phases, the first phase, all subjects have no incentive; the second phase, subjects were divided into two groups, the experimental group were tested first to complete a puzzle get $ 1 reward, while the control group were tested with the first phase of the same, no pay; the third stage, for the rest of time, subjects can freely place , and to solve problems as they continue to go to the extent of this activity indicators like.
【Results】 The experimental group (reward group) subjects really hard in the second stage, while in the third stage to the number of problem-solving little, indicating that the degree of interest and effort weakened the control group (no incentive group) were tested, more people spend more time to rest continue to solve problems, show that the degree of interest and effort increased.
 possible explanation:
1, the original plus return from far on the level required to meet external demands plus pay too strong;
2, intensity less than the original direct incentive;
3, values (thinking of faith) and a bias, failure to have required level to meet the job requirements of structural adjustment.
【Application】 deal with these factors, plus the return will generally reduce the negative impact of internal sense of return, plus return will not affect the sense of reward in the case of its own role to play.